Ap Euro Notes

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY NOTES- Filled with silliness and inside jokes, enjoy at your leisure 🙂 If something is in [] brackets, it is only written in there for our pleasure, ignore it if you are looking for actual information. †¢ 7: The Renaissance and Reformation- 1350-1600 Key:UMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth (like Renaissance) painter/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism: People sought to receive personal credit for achievements, unlike medieval ideal of â€Å"all glory goes to god† Names Ideas o Renaissance: Began in Italian city-states, a cause de invention of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy: City states, under HRE (Holy Roman Empire) o For alliances: ? old nobility vs. wealthy merchants FIGHT P-Prussia ?Popolo: third class, â€Å"the people†, wanted own share of wealth/power R-Russia A-Austria ? Ciompi Revolts: 1378 Florence, Popolo were revolting [eew], brief period of control over gover nment B-Britain ? Milan taken over by signor (which is a tyrant) †¢ Under control of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Significant because after this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e. g. Medici) o Humanism: Francesco Petrarch (Sonnets), came up with term â€Å"Dark Ages†, began to study classical world of rhetoric and literature ?Cicero: Important Roman, provided account of collapse of Roman Republic [like Edward Gibbon], invented Ciceronian style: Latin style of writing which humanists followed †¢ [Even though they weren’t in Rome, Humanists did as the Romans do] ? Despite being accused of following Pagan culture, Petrarch talked a lot about universality Civic Humanists: Politicians/ diplomats, utilized public education for common good Plato: Studying Greek allowed enlightened people to observe platonic ideals [also, big fat weddings] ? ? †¢ e. g. Platonic view of human potential: observed by Pico della Mirandola, who gave oration on the di gnity of man ?Castiglione: wrote The Courtier, about what we would call a â€Å"renaissance man†: knew languages, classical literature, and artsy stuff -12009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Lorenzo Valla wrote about Donation of Constantine: Document where Constantine took control of the Christian empire, said it was a fake because the word fief was not invented yet. †¢ Analyzed The Vulgate Bible, said Jerome mistranslated from Greek! [silly Jerome] ? Leonardo Bruni [like Carla Bruni]- created education for women, though †¢ Left public speech out of curriculum, because â€Å"women had no outlet to use these skills† [oh. Silly women. ? o o Christine de Pisan wrote The City of Ladies, countered notion of inferiority, [but this was soon proven false. ] Middle Ages: Paintings were fresco [fresca] on plaster, Tempera on wood Renaissance Art ? Chiaroscuro: [Not at all like Mr. Carrasco]: Contrast between light/dark to make 3D images Single-poi nt perspective- everything converges to a point at infinity †¢ More realism than in Dark Ages art ? ? ? ? Filippo Brunelleschi- dome at cathedral of Florence High renaissance- Rome replaces Florence as center of art Religious people in Florence do not like new style, but Popes (Julius II) liked â€Å"to beautify [bootify? their city† Late Renaissance/Mannerism- distorted figures and confusing themes reflected growing crisis in Italy High Renaissance Artists ? ? †¢ †¢ Leonardo da Vinci- Military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor, Mona Lisa Raphael- from Urbino, commissioned for Vatican palaces, images of Jesus and Mary, School of Athens shows Plato + Aristotle [kissing? ] in single point perspective Michelangelo- David commissioned by Florence as propaganda work against Milan [maybe it was the genitalia. , Sistine Chapel for Julius II, tomb for Julius II [Splinter- Trainer of the Ninja Turtles] †¢ †¢ o Northern Renaissance ? Questions concerning religion- study early Christian authors -22009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erasmus + More- Christian humanists criticized church, horrified that Martin Luther did not find ways to better the Catholic church †¢ Desiderius Erasmus- coined â€Å"Where there is smoke there is a fire† in his book Adages, also wrote Praise of Folly= Satire to criticize church, wanted to reform church instead of abandoning it like [Lex?No. ] Luther Sir Thomas More- Utopia, meaning ‘nowhere’, executed for not recognizing Henry VIII as head of the church of England ([ut he could have just forgotten his glasses] †¢ ? Art †¢ †¢ †¢ Albrecht Duror- woodcuts in support of Luther’s revolution Chaucer- Canterbury Tales based The Decameron William Shakespeare- [about whom we know nothing] only primary school education, examined human psyche and dramatic intensity in his work, contemporaries= Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson, [ wooer of beautiful History teachers] Printing Press with movable type- Johannes Gutenberg, 200 bibles, went broke after making his bibles as ornate as handwritten ones, sillllllllly †¢ †¢ †¢ Movable type created rapid spread of information Informed people of religious debates Made churches’ monopoly over bible interpretations VEXING o Protestant Reformation [complex and compelling! ] ? Humanism- led individuals to question traditional ideas of salvation [but not salivation] Problems facing El Churcho ? †¢ †¢Black Death- â€Å"ferocious outbreak of the black plague†, [not related to black people] Anticlericalism- movement disrespecting clergy arising from poor performance of clergymen during the plague, and in fact, that such a plague could befall so many people Pietism- [DELICIOUS] direct relationship between the individual and god, reducing the need for a hierarchical church Babylonian Captivity and corruption in general within the church Poor ly educated lower clergy, often a result of simony- the sale of church office †¢ †¢ †¢ 32009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? John Wycliff- had some no nos: †¢ No no: wealth of church No no: transubstantiation- the belief that bread and wine are Jesus’ body and blood [Wait, did Catholics support heathen cannibalism? What. ] No no: indulgences- selling of salvation by the church/no waiting in Purgatory, began during crusades to get knights [but was a popular sin for ages] â€Å"urged his followers (known for unclear reasons as the Lollards) [lololol] to read the bible and to interpret it themselves† Translated bible into English †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ?Jan Hus- Bohemia, Rector of University of Prague said bible was > church, called before council in Constance, promised safe passage there, but burnt at the stake [medium-rare] Martin Luther [not to be confused with Martin Postumus] [actually, feel free to confuse him wi th Martin Posthumus. Next time you see Martin, ask him about sacraments. ] – does not like indulgences, 95 Theses @ Wittenberg a response to ? †¢ Albert of Hohenzollern- had to raise ten thousand [ which is over 9,000] ducats, so hired Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences, Tetzel: â€Å"As soon as gold in the basin rings, the soul to heaven rings. o †¢ Pope Leo X: â€Å"Not interested in a squabble between monks†, ignored 95 theses Luther cont’d- Dominicans wanted to charge Luther with Heresy because of the 95 Theses, Address to the Christian Nobility= secular gov’t can reform church, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church= attacked sacraments, Liberty of a Christian Man= bible is the sole [SOUL HAHAHA] source of faith, a bolt of lightning almost strikes him-> he becomes a monk [what the hell? Pope Leo X- issued a papal bull [Toro! ] demanding Luther recant or be burnt, Luther burns bull, excommunicated [by PETA] Frederick, elector of Saxony - German prince, sympathetic to Luther’s ideas Diet of Worms [Eww]: Council of German nobility, HRE emperor Charles X asked Luther if he repudiates his books, to which he said he doesn’t accept authority of the pope, only God.Exiled, hidden for a year in Wartburg Castle [filled with toads, very unpleasant] by Frederick of Saxony Luther Cont’d Cont’d: reduced sacraments from 7 to 2, which were baptism and communion, had several children with an ex-nun, family placed at center of religious faith. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ -42009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Why did the Reformation succeed? †¢ German Peasants’ Revolt- Result of worsened economic condition, 12 articles interpreting Lutheranism as a message of social egalitarianism, to whichLuther wrote â€Å"Against The Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants† Luther was not critical of—even encouraged—princes to confiscate Catholic land Charles V: Couldn’t control huge empire w/ Spain, New World, The Netherlands, Southern Italy, The Habsburgs, so he didn’t do anything when the Protestants got revolting [it’s because they never brushed their teeth], eventually fought protestants in [best word ever, by the way] Schmalkaldic Wars but was forced to sign Peace of Augsburg, which recognized Lutheranism in territories owned by a Lutheran. †¢ †¢ ? Radical Reformation †¢Anabaptists- denied Baptism [go figure] o Believed baptism would only work on adults because they knew what they were doing. Rebaptism became a capital offense in HRE, darn. Anabaptists took over Munster and created an â€Å"Old-Testament-style theocracy†: men allowed to have multiple wives. More normal people [mainstream Christians] then captured it back. o o o †¢ Antitrinitarians- denied Trinity [Really? ] o Were hunted down ? Zwingli and Calvin †¢ Zwingli- Denied Sacraments, called last supper â€Å"a memorial of Christ’s death†, did not have actual presence of Christ [wait, explain this.Was he just like†¦ in the bathroom or something? â€Å"Hey guys, Jesus isn’t coming†¦ Should we start without him? †¦Sure! † Disciples are meanies, QED. ] o o Swiss patriot Died leading Zurich’s troops against Swiss Catholics †¢ John Calvin- Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion: Predestination, No free will, Geneva= New Jerusalem, No taverns, Penalties for having gypsies read your fortune (not joking. ) ? [Black or Blonde? English-] The English Reformation -52009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland†- [Epitaph courtesy of Wikipedia when researching earlier. I want such a title. ] o Tried to divorce Catherine of Aragon, even though previous pope had given him special dispensation to marry her in the fi rst place. Pope refused, Henry began reformation of parliament. ? Reformation Parliament: †¢ Gave bribes of land from monasteries (because he dissolved them) as a reward for passing certain acts, passed: o oAct of Supremacy: King of England is supreme head of Church of England Henry can marry Anne Boleyn Act of Succession: Children of Anne Boleyn are rightful heirs (ouch for Catherine) o o Had been sleeping with Anne Boleyn, gotten her pregnant, therefore â€Å"act in restraint of appeals† declaring the King decided spiritual cases within the kingdom rather than the pope. Anny Boleyn gave birth to Elizabeth Tudor, so he beheaded her. o †¢ †¢ Edward VI- Short reign, tried to institute Protestant theology into Church of England. Mary Tudor- Also short reign, wife of â€Å"phonetically catholic† Philip of Spain, tried to bring back Catholicism. ? Burned several hundred Englishmen at the stake [? ] The Counterreformation- Also known as the Catholic Reformati on †¢ Index of prohibited books- Included Erasmus, Galileo [what, physics? Never heard of it†¦] Papal inquisition- Put heretics to death [heretic is a freaking awesome word. ] Council of Trent- Papacy controlled church council, enhanced papal power o Council placed limits on simony, mandated education, caused intensely polar interpretations of the world, Baroque art and music created. [If it ain’t Baroque, don’t fix it! ] †¢ †¢ †¢Ignatius Loyola- founded Jesuits, Religion was a â€Å"spiritual conversation with God†, not within Bible but within oneself. Spiritual exercises. -62009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ 8: The Age of Expansion and the Rise of Monarchical States o Portuguese & Spanish Empires ? Bartholomew Dias: sailed around Cape of Good Hope, southern tip of Africa. [Cape of Hood Hope: common typo? ] Vasco de Gama: reached coast of India Christopher Columbus: Sailed to Canary Islands, from there to B ahamas †¢ Noted in his diary that Indians were friendly and gentle, therefore easy to enslave [Not a cool guy] ? ? Magellan circumnavigates globe †¢ Cortez- Mexico, in Aztec Empire o Conquered Tenochtitlan with help of Aztec slaves †¢ †¢ Montezuma- gave gold, in return Spanish seized the capital and took him hostage. [Really, Spain? Really? ] Pizarro destroyed Incas in Peru o †¢ o Captured Inca emperor Atahuelpa, ransomed him for gold, ruled through him, then killed him. [Yep, this again. ] Spanish created Haciendas, plantations, through encomienda system of forced labor [for some reason, Alex prefers to italicize rather than bold]Development of Monarchical States ? Reversal of parliaments from Middle Ages to create absolute monarchies †¢ †¢ ? Jean Bodin- Monarchies have to be absolute Louis XIV- France, Stuart Monarchs- England Nation-States †¢ Bureaucratization- established office of intendant, tax collector on behalf of monarch o Need for m oney led to corruption seen in sale of royal office (except in England) †¢ Permanent mercenary army o Swiss phalanx- army of pikemen [not Pokemon] [Pokemon is in the Mac dictionary] who killed horsemen, later had gunpowder. Created a 72009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus need for money in monarchy, need which could only be fed by an absolute monarchy. ? Monarchs need taxes to pay for permanent armies, which were used to suppress peasants angry at taxes—vicious circle ? Italy †¢ †¢ Treaty of Lodi- Balance of power among major Italian city-states, created alliance between enemies Milan and Naples [YOUR NAPLES ARE SHOWING] Ludovico Il Moro- became despot in Milan, fought Naples [which are showing] and invited French to satisfy longstanding claims to Naples [which are showing] Charles VIII immediately did so, when he gets to Florence he meets Savonaroli, a radical Dominican preacher who had just expelled Medicis and established a Puritanical sta te Recognizes what he had done, joined an anti-French alliance to expel French and reinstate Medicis Medicis burn Savonaroli at the stake (with support of Pope) in revenge. o o †¢ Nicola Machiavelli- The Prince [Story about a prince on a white horse, saves a princess and then marries her to gain control of her country, institutes harsh rule] ? Spain- [Dominion of JULIA LOPEZ] Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castille o Consolidated peninsula- called Reconquista ? Included Religious Uniformity, led to Spanish Inquisition [Nobody expected it] [I’d prefer a new edition of the Spanish Inquisition than to ever let a woman in my life] Spanish Inquisition: Anti-Jew, Anti-Moor ? o Charles V (Ferdinand &Isabella’s grandson)- married into becoming HRE, abdicates and gives throne to brother Ferdinand (also controls Habsburg lands) ? His son Philip receives Spain, southern Italy, The Netherlands, the New World Duke of Alva’s Council of Troubles: tried to enforce Catholicism for Philip in Netherlands, also sent Military hero Don Juan to fight, later sent Spanish Armada Results: Council failed, Don Juan failed, Protestant Wind blew Armada away [WOOOOOOOSH] †¢ -82009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ o Cervantes- Don Quixote [Donkey Hotay], bemoaned lack of chivalry [French for Being a Horse] in Spain El Greco revealed that powerful Spain could not maintain European position The Holy Roman Empire ? 0th and 11th centuries- most powerful state, grew weaker with papal conflict †¢ Despite lack of army, popes supported by German Nobility, giving them strong sway over emperor o †¢ †¢ Golden Bull- 7 German princes given right to elect emperor Charles V- powerful Habsburg, attempted to establish genuine imperial control, used Lutheran reformation as a weapon against German princes Peace of Augsburg- Princes given the right to decide religion of territory aka Ecclesiastical Reservation, Catholicism or Lutheranism oProblematic for Frederick III of the Palatinate (an elector state) who was a Calvinist ? Thirty Years War- about thirty years long. †¢ †¢ †¢ Began in Bohemia, Ferdinand of Styria is crowned king Protestant angry with his intolerance defenestrate his catholic advisors in Prague [Turkey Baster Turkey Baster la la la la la] HRE Emperor Mathias dies, Ferdinand elected emperor o A few hours later, he learns he has been overthrown in Bohemia †¢ †¢ †¢ Frederick, a Calvinist (! ) is the new king in Bohemia Ferdinand had no army, so he borrowed the Duke of Bavaria’s army [what?You can do that? ] Battle of the White Mountain- Bavarian forces win a major victory, [create cream] Frederick is now sad, called the winter king because he only ruled for winter Private armies want to keep fighting so they can have $$$, so war continues Duke of Bavaria fears Habsburgs-> Ferdinand must find new army †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ o o Albrecht vo n Wallenstein- VAST MERC ARMY 125,000 Major victories in the north for Ferdinand -92009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Edict of Restitution- outlawed Calvinism, required Lutherans to turn over all property seized since 1552 Gustavus Adolphus- King of Sweden, entered war due to Edict, claiming to defend Protestant rights, actually nope, just wanted German territory Cardinal Richelieu- Absolutist, Decided to support Swedish army [financially because he didn’t want Habsburgs to be strong Peace of Westphalia- 30 yr war over o o HRE maintains divisions Emperor still leader of Germany Reaffirmed Peace of Augsburg (princes choose religion of territory, Calvinism added as a choice now) o France- [Dominion of Funny Bear (http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=5H59Py7KApU) and Gerard Giblin] ?Henry II- dies in a jousting tournament from a lance to the eye, [he should have seen that coming†¦] -> Francis II is king French Wars of Rel igion †¢ Began when Duke of Guise saw a group of Huguenots worshiping in a barn, got mad, HAD THEM SLAIN Huguenots- French Calvinists [HUGE KNOTS] Catherine de Medici o o After Henry II dies, Francis II was too young—Catherine was a regent January Edict of 1562- Huguenots [HUGE KNOTS] gain freedom of worship Peace of Saint Germaine-Laye: Protestants can fortify cities (Catherine allied with Catholics, but did not want the protestants to be sad, so this is what they get) †¢ †¢ o †¢ †¢ Guise==catholic, militant [geese] Bourbon—Calvinists [ALEX WHAT UP WITH THE ITALICS] o o Admiral Coligny (Advisor to Charles IV, so Catherine didn’t like him) & Prince of Conde—both converted for political opportunities Henry of Navarre (Bourbon prince) marries Charles IX’s sister, shifting power to Bourbons—Catherine de Medici doesn’t want either to have power, so she convinces Charles IX to do St. Bartholomew’s Day Massac re- burning all Huguenots – 10 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Coligny dies, Navarre’s life spared—he promised to convertHenry III (Not Navarre) wanted to defeat powerful Catholic League [Geese], made Navarre his heir, Huguenots then helped him attack them Peace of Beaulieu- complete religious freedom for Protestants. [THIS IS NEW. NO REALLY. ] Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV of France when Henry III assassinated o o ? ? ? Everyone supports him because of common enemy of Spain Until revolution, all French kings are from Bourbon dynasty Converts to Catholicism to be of the majority group, but so Huguenots would not get mad he created: Edict of Nantes- Huguenots can worship and assemble, and maintain fortified cities NAVARRRRRRR ? Politique- the idea of putting the interest of the state before religious unity- Henry III and Henry IV was one of these Royal Absolutism- ? †¢ Henry IV tries to revitalize kingdom torn apart by war o o Duke of Sully + HIV [Henry the fourth, silly]- established government monopolies over things people like, such as salt Limited nobility in parliament Assassinated, 9 year old son Louis XIII takes throne, but like most nine year olds, is a relatively weak King. o †¢ Louis XIII oNeeded strong minister†¦ Bonjour, Cardinal Richelieu! ? Richelieu beats up Huguenots [HUGE KNOTS] and takes away Edict of Nantes [that was fast. ] Brings France into thirty years war -> increased gov’t power Dies, replaced by Mazarin ? ? †¢ Louis XIV o Five years old. Anne Of Austria, his mother, selects Cardinal Mazarin to be regent – 11 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Less sure political hand than Richelieu. This led to a lot of rebellions called the Fronde.Mazarin dies, Louis decides because of the Fronde to rule without an advisor [he is a teenager and believes the world revolves around him] Louis told people that the monarch had the â€Å"div ine rights,† backed it up by the Old Testament. o ? Bishop Bossuet said that the king was chosen by god (only god could judge the behavior of the king) [Louis was probably sitting in a corner, going, â€Å"don’t judge me! †] o o May or may not have said â€Å"l’etat c’est moi,† (I am the state) Builds Versailles to demonstrate his power, wanted to safely ignore the people 12 miles away from Paris ? While it cost a huge amount of money to maintain Versailles, Louis thought it was worth it. Instead of plotting against the king, the aristocrats were involved with court intrigue and gossip and with ceremonial issues such as who got to hold the king’s sleeve as he dressed† [Best review book ever? ] o Jean-Baptiste Colbert= minister, instituted mercantilism? building up gold by exporting goods, an economy based on exports. Organized factories and abolished tariffs. ?Five Great Farms- large regions where one does not have to go through customs French East India Company, west coast of Africa, posts in India, much of the Caribbean, Quebec, = French international mercantilist empire of supreme power. ? o For real this time. Revokes the Edicts of Nantes, demolishes Huguenot churches, takes away Huguenot’s civil rights. They ran away to England and the Netherlands, and since France was at war with England and the Netherlands, they fought against France. [Stupid, stupid Louis] ? o England Treaty of Utrecht- Bourbons lead Spain ?War of the Roses- Series of civil wars to determine whether York or Lancaster would rule England. †¢ †¢ Result: Lancaster (Henry VII, a Tudor) will be king. After Henry VII dies, Henry VIII becomes king [surprise surprise] – 12 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Henry VIII believed his sovereignty would be ineffective if England was under religious jurisdiction of Rome-> created Church of England TUDOR: Queen Elizabeth—Henry’s daugh ter with Anne Boleyn ? †¢ Called The Virgin Queen- used marriage as a diplomatic tool, used rulers made them think she would marry them ? owerful alliances [writing that in italics makes it look like the name of a boat] †¢ Mary Stuart of Scotland- her legal heir, also Catholic o Kept her under house arrest, she was afraid Mary was plotting against her Treaty of Burwick- Let it be known that James (Mary’s son) will be king of England instead (he was Protestant), in your face Mary Queen of Scots ? Knock knock †¢ Who’s there o Mary Queen of Scots o Bye bye, your head! o †¢ Elizabeth beat Spanish Armada? England remains Protestant and free of foreign dominance ?STUART: James VI- Absolutist, didn’t call parliament for awhile, eventually he called it because he needed money †¢ Puritans- thought monarch shouldn’t be head of church o So James persecuted the Puritans ? STUART: Charles I †¢ Lent support to Armenians (sect of Anglican c hurch, believed in predestination), named William Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury [unrelated to the eggs] [wait, those are Cadbury Eggs. Never mind] Requested a forced loan from nobles, they didn’t want to pay so he threw them in jail †¢ o They put forward Petition of Rights, forced him to sign: ? ? ?No forced taxation without Parliament No free man could be imprisoned without due cause No quartering of troops in private homes – 13 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? No martial law against civilians †¢ John Eliot- Three Resolutions [this formatting is intense] o o o Anyone suspected of practicing Catholicism is a â€Å"capital enemy of the state† Any of King’s advisors who recommend he raise funds outside of Parliament are also â€Å"capital enemies of the state† Anyone who paid tonnage and poundage (duties the king imposed without parliament) was betraying the liberties of England Response: King dissolved parliam ent †¢ Personal Rule of Charles: Charles governing England sans Parliament o To get money: collected ship money: used to be where coastal towns paid extra tax to pay for shipbuilding, but now errrybody in the club getting taxed. Insisted that Calvinist Scotland adopt Church of England and prayer book The Book Of Common Prayer 1640: Charles called parliament because he thought they would give him money to put down Scottish rebellion- â€Å"Short Parliament† Dissolved it because they refused to give him funds before addressing their own needs. Formed an army because he was still angry at Scots [then he banned kilts] ?JK, Scots win †¢ †¢ Scots refuse to leave after invading England Made Charles pay a lot of money to them o o o o †¢ Charles has to call Long Parliament to pay for it o o o o Size matters Met for 20 years Impeached Charles’ ministers Abolished prerogative courts (king’s courts) such as Star Chamber †¢ Grand Remonstrance- A lot (240) of things that Parliament are moaning and whining about o Says Parliament has to approve minister – 14 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o o Church of England reformed by committee No ship money ***Parliament called once every 3 years*** †¢ In response: CHARLES INVADES PARLIAMENT o †¢ House of Commons passes Militia Ordinance (very quickly because there were Soldiers at their doors) Gave Parliament control of the army [Charles I fled to England, just in case] o [jk] ? Civil War Happened †¢ Major issues: o Whether England was going to have an absolute monarch or parliamentary monarch Anglican or Presbyterian [See Lizzy Pelletier] Cavaliers vs Roundheads o o ? ? ? Cavaliers==King Charles, Nobility, Anglicans Roundheads==parliament, Scots, townspeople, puritans Parliament won because of alliance with Scots Gen Cromwell (Lord Protector) created â€Å"New Model† army Parliament tries Charles for treason, executes ? ? Commonwealt h †¢ †¢ Abolished monarchy + house of lords No more Anglican church, now puritan republic o Puritan Rules of Behavior: simple clothes, no entertainment, no alcohol, no dancing, [no fun. ] Independents wanted state church and religious freedom Presbyterians wanted state church and NO DISSENTERS o o †¢ Parliament: No mo army o Cromwell says nope – 15 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Wants to conquer Ireland and Scotland [didn’t these guys just help you? Not cool. Parliament gives no money to Army †¢ Cromwell disbands Parliament o This is a new thing. We have never seen this before. Really. The only important thing he does is separate England into military districts ? o ? Cromwell dies, monarchy back †¢ STUART: CHARLES II o Treaty of Dover [come on Dover. Move your bloomin’ arse! ]- Charles would convert to Catholicism when conditions permit, made between Charles and French Louis XIV ? Charles gets a lot of money f rom Louis. This was good for him because he was getting a lot less English money to support his lavish lifestyle †¢ STUART: James II o repeals Test Act (didn’t allow Catholics to be officials/military, swear oaths for transubstantion), [also, AP Test Act] Declaration of Indulgence ? ? No more religious tests for office holders Allowed freedom of worship Parliament Reaction: Not worried because they thought the throne would go to James’ daughter: Mary the protestant †¢ Sneaky James marries, makes a bebby, New James the Catholic o Parliament responds by inviting Mary the protestant and her new husband, William of Orange to invade England, no opposition ? †¢ ORANGES: William and Mary o Bill of Rights of 1689 ?Limits power of monarchy: monarch is subject to law, must be protestant, include parliament in lawmaking [monarch butterflies still free to do as they please] – 16 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections to parliament free of royal interference No church courts Parliament consent for taxes required You can petition the king Parliament consent required for army People can have guns â€Å"Freedom of Debate† in parliament [because until now, they coincidentally agreed on everything] King can’t just take people’s stuff without having a trial.Then he can. Excessive bail, nono. Parliament has to be held frequently. ? ? ? o Act Of Toleration- a compromise bill ? Non-conformists (protestants who were not in the church of England) given right of public worship, Unitarians or Catholics were illegal. Test Act remained ? o The Mutiny Act [mutated knee act] ? Authorized martial law to govern the army. Had to be re-passed every year (parliament had to be summoned yearly for this) †¢ Queen is now STUART: Anne. Nothing changes. o Act of Settlement- preventing catholic Stuarts from getting on the throne ?Basically, this said that if Queen Anne dies without an heir, the thro ne goes to the Protestants in Hanover. Specifically, George the first. o Act Of Union- formed Great Britain out of England and Scotland. Only done so that Scotland would not go to war with England allied with France. ? Scotland gives up their parliament, allowed to maintain a Presbyterian church. o The Netherlands- a center of commerce and trade. ? Dutch War Of Independence – 17 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ †¢ ? City of Antwerp was sacked.They closed the Scheldt river as part of the peace of Westphalia. Lead to the center of trade being changed to Amsterdam. The Golden Age †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bank of Amsterdam Dutch east India company Higher standard of living Religious tolerance â€Å"The Dutch proved to be nimble businessmen† In the Spanish inquisition, Jews fled to Netherlands [one could say they were orange Jews] Franz Hals- great portrait painter from Haarlem (yes, it’s spelled like that. ) Jan Vermeer- painted scenes of everyday Dutch life Rembrandt Van Rijn- painted The Night Watch- baroque art period †¢ †¢ †¢ ? Political decentralization †¢ †¢ †¢ o House of Orange- noble house who got power from revolting against Spain. Stadholder= male head of the family William of Nassau (he’s William of Orange, guys) = stadholder of the family Orange beats up France. He also became the king of England. Life in Modern Europe ? ? Growth and population- Population doubled in France between 1450-1550 Price revolution- population growth put pressure on basic commodities. Prices had to increase like 500% because supply was less than demand.Rural life †¢ Gentry are people from towns and cities. o These guys begin to enclose their lands aka. Fence off land that used to be open. ? †¢ English Poor Law-The state provides for the poor – 18 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ ? 3-field system- the rot ation of crops in agriculture? 1/3 lay fallow (they didn’t use it), 1/3 crops, 1/3 animals [baa baa moooo] Primogeniture- the oldest male child gets all the jaunt. City life †¢ Guilds continue to play a role in production of commodities. Cloth production done on a large scale.Capitalist entrepreneur would provide funds and organization of every stage of production. This made specialized guild-members sad. †¢ ? Family life †¢ †¢ No more than 3 or 4 children (usually) Marriages were arranged by parents, or formally improved, because they involved a transfer of property o o Married couples are full-fledged members of society â€Å"Single adults were looked on as potential thieves or trouble-makers if they were male, and as prostitutes if they were female. † There was a dowry o †¢ Tasks divided by gender & age, child labor was normal.Men do work, women cook, clean and make bebbies. For Protestants, the house became central rather than the church. o Paternalism increased because father is now the only person between the family and god †¢ †¢ 9: The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment o Before the scientific revolution ? The view of scholasticism-combination of Christianity and ancient authors, such as Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle. †¢ Four Elements: earth, air, fire, water o Earth is the heaviest element and the earth is the center of the universe †¢ †¢ oAlchemy could define chemistry of the time Didn’t care about astronomy, believed in the works of Ptolemy (the heavens move around the earth) The Copernican revolution – 19 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Nicolas Copernicus wrote Concerning The Revolutions Of Celestial Spheres. A heliocentric universe, where the planets move about the sun. The orbits were circular. Tycho Brahe- the movement of the sun revolved around the earth but the other planets revolved around the sun. he taught Kepler. [fun facts about Bra he, courtesy of Mr.Willard: Brahe lost his nose in a bar fight over a math question, and fixed it with many metal noses that he would replace from day to day. Also, he had a pet dwarf who he would bring out at parties. The dwarf would go under the table and â€Å"do things with his hands†] Johannes Kepler- planets go in ellipses. Galileo Galilei- invented the telescope. The moon has mountains, and it’s made of the same material as earth. Jupiter has moons, and stars are far away. He also stated that the acceleration of gravity was constant for all masses.Giordano Bruno argued that there were many worlds in the universe, the papal inquisition executed him. Isaac Newton wrote Principia, examined the relations of different forces, invented differential calculus, and discovered that white light was a mixture of different lights. ? ? ? ? ? o The impact of scientific revolution on philosophy ? Francis Bacon [a delicious man] argued to examine evidence from nature when making thesis. Rene Descartes- â€Å"I think therefore I am,† wrote Discourse on Method, challenged major classical beliefs.He invented logical proofs (if P then Q), he tried to make logic and philosophy be done with math because it was incorruptible [see: Robespierre in relation to math] Blaise Pascal [the fireman] Pascal’s wager= it is better to bet that god exists than to bet that he does not, since if he does you will go to heaven, and if he doesn’t then you don’t lose anything. Thomas Hobbes believed that life was nasty, brutish and short. Wanted absolutism (man formed states with a sovereign that has complete power, the subjects would never rebel) because man naturally wanted to destroy each other.John Locke- social contract between the people and the state, where the people have certain inalienable rights [no ET allowed]: of life, liberty, and property. If a government infringes on these rights, man has the right [nay, the responsibility] to rebel. Anoth er idea was Tabula Rasa- there is no predestination or original sin; people were born with a clean slate. ? ? ? ? o The eighteenth-century Enlightenment ? Immanuel Kant- idea that individuals should not believe an idea simply because authority says it, people should use reasoning to solve problems.Philosophers are thinkers and would often speak at salons. ? – 20 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Republic of Letters was an international community of philosophers who communicated en francais [M. Giblin]. Voltaire was a philosophe. And a deist- believed that god created the universe and the laws of science, those laws are still being followed. ? †¢ †¢ Ecrasez l’infame (crush the horrible thing) was anti-religion He wrote Candide- humans cannot expect to find happiness by associating with specific philosophical systems. People should try to find a private comfort. ?Baron de Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws, wrote about separation of powers and checks and balances. Also said that slavery was unnatural and bad. Diderot wrote Encyclopedia, a collaboration of all the knowledge and information that was prominent at the time Rousseau was the most radical philosophe, antagonized Voltaire; believed in direct democracy vs. the other philosophes who believed in a constitutional monarchy. Ideas became prominent after his death, especially in the French Revolution. ? ? †¢ o Social Contract- Everyone has a duty to their country, a perfect society would be controlled by the â€Å"general will† of its populaceThe Spread of Enlightenment Thought ? Cesare Baccaria- Crimes and Punishment, about changing jurisprudence, the theory and philosophy of law. He believed everyone should have basic rights. David Hume- Atheism, doubt on religion. Questioned assumptions around cause and effect. EDWARD GIBBON- Wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, [which was mean], criticized Christianity, saying it â€Å"weakened the vibrancy of the empire and contributed to its downfall† Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations: Free market, laissez-faire, invisible hand ? ? o Women and the Enlightenment ? Organized salons, where philosophes hung out Marquise de Pompadour- Louis the XV’s mistress, helped Diderot avoid censorship Mary Wollstonecraft- Women should vote, and hold public office. ? ? o European powers! In the age of enlightenment! ? Enlightened Absolutists- Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia Prussia and Austria ? – 21 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢Frederick William (The Great Elector) worked out agreement with the Junkers (Prussian nobility)—they could have serfs, and would pay him money for the privilege Son Frederick III became Frederick I of Prussia (because Prussia became a Kingdom? ) Also was Frederick the Great, an enlightened absolutist o Freed serfs on Royal estates, but not the Junkers’ serfs, because he liked the Junkers. Abolished capital punishment, decreased amount of corporal punishment on serfs †¢ o †¢ Austrian Empress Maria Theresa begat Joseph II, who was a fan of religious toleration o †¢Issued Edicts of Toleration, granting Jews, Lutherans, Calvinists freedom of worship Wars of Austrian Succession o o HREmperor Charles VI has no male heir, issues Pragmatic Sanctionsays there can be a female heir Therefore, Maria Theresa is crowned, but France and Prussia begin to seize land (violating the sanction) Frederick I takes advantage of this and seizes Silesia, the richest part of Austria Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle- Austrian throne will go to Habsburgs— ended the war Result of the War: Prussia gains power Diplomatic Revolution: alliance between Austrians and French, meant to weaken Prussians ?Great Britain allies with Prussia Leads directly into Seven Years War †¢ Ultimately won by Prussians and British because Russian Czar Peter III didn†™t want to have so much conflict so he protected the Prussians British allies defeat the French in the French and Indian War in America o o o o ? †¢ ? Russia—[The Fatherland] †¢ Ivan the Terrible expanded territory under the control of Muscovy [what the hell? ], Russia entered into a period of time known as THE TIME OF TROUBLES 22 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus [When I find myself in times of trouble, FATHER STALIN comes to me], ended with the selection of a czar from the Romanov family. †¢ This was Peter the Great! o o o o Forced nobles to shave their beards (as was the style in the west) Taxed nobility by the number of serfs they had Established monopolies on commodities like salt (See HIV) Table of Ranks—each government position had a graduated ranking, social mobility Established St.Petersburg, a â€Å"window on the West†, built in the newest styles from France [if you haven’t gotten the hint, Peter was a big fan of the West] Conscripted serfs into the army, built the first Russian navy, defeated the Swedes in the great Northern war Catherine the Great codified Russian law and had an affair with Stanislaw Augustus Poniatowski, he â€Å"somehow became† the King of Poland shortly afterwards. o o o ? Poland †¢ Lithuanian grand-duke Jagiello married Polish queen Jadwiga? PolishLithuanian Commonwealth o Defeated the Teutonic Knights at Battle of Grunwald †¢ †¢When Poniatowski becomes King, he â€Å"displayed an independent streak that Catherine the Great did not expect from her former Lover† Prussia, Russia, Austria forced Poland to accept a partition o Poland loses 30% of its territory †¢ Poland had Europe’s first written constitution o o Reduces the power of nobles who appealed to Russians for assistance Russia and Prussia partitioned again, which removed the constitution and removed a lot of land ? Tadeusz Kosciuszko leads a Polish revolt forcing P oniatowski to abdicate †¢ Third and final partition wiping Poland off the map. Great Britain †¢ Tories – 23 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o †¢ Whigs o o Wanted prerogative rights of the monarch More enlightened, liked religious tolerance Had a certain leader ? Do you remember his name? †¢ It is Edmund Burke! o Argued that parties were essential to parliamentary government and political stability. †¢ †¢ You should have learned all of the American Revolution stuff in APUSH American Revolution spurred a movement of parliamentary reform in Great Britain oJohn Wilkes, member of the House of Commons and part time pornographer*, arrested for publishing a satirical attack on King George III ? *Perfect example of social mobility. o ? France †¢ Wanted greater freedom of press and UMS Jansenists- Catholic sect which believes in predestination o Parlements==Provincial law courts made up of nobles, block Louis XV from supportin g a papal decree banning Jansenists ? Louis XV abolishes parlements †¢ Louis XVI brings them back †¢ 10- The French Revolution, Napoleon, the European Reaction o Background [Wallpaper? ] of the revolution ?Major problem facing ‘80s France [‘fro’s? ] was financial—they were kinda bankrupt, Budget: †¢ †¢ 50% Paying debts and interest 25% military o †¢ Funding American revolution, skirmishes with British 6% Royal Life [whig powdering? ] [intentional misspelling. They powdered Edmund Burke] [he was a whig leader] – 24 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ ? 19% infrastructure [not that much. Sad peasant. ] Estates General †¢ First Estate- Church and Clergy o Wealthy churchies, but there were also poor churches who felt aligned for the third estate Tithe- church tax o †¢Second Estate- Nobles and Aristocracy o o Only 3% of population Feudal privileges: Controlled mills and winemaking, would ofte n charge their own fees for use of the mills effectively making it difficult for peasants to use their grain †¢ Third Estate- Peasants and Bourgeoisie (the educated upper middle class, lawyers and doctors and thinkers) o Abbe Sieyes- Qu’est-ce que le troisieme etat? , â€Å"What is the third estate? Everything. What has it been in the political order up till the present? Nothing. What does it ask? To become something. † Were always overruled in EG because 1/3, when gov’t needed money they always raised taxes †¢ ? ? [Fourth Estate- Batman] [He was Robin the Pierre] Role of Enlightenment? INSPIRATION. Causes †¢ †¢ Failed harvests in 1789 makes poor people poor Louis fires Minister Finance Necker who wanted to subsidize grain and tax nobles, Peasants sad ? Louis called Assembly of Notables (leading aristocrats and churches), asked if they wanted to pay a land tax [they obviously said yes. ], instead suggested that they would have a greater share in governing [ok, sure guys], called for an Estates General o Calling of the Estates General ? ? [Hey, Estates General! Everybody complains that the third estate gets a third of the vote, so the King does nothing – 25 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erryone wanted change, but nobody knew how they wanted it, resulting in thousands of Cahiers de doleances (lists of grievances) †¢ Examples of what they wanted: equal tax system and regular meetings of the EG, limiting the size of sheep herds ? o King kept everybody waiting Tennis Court Oath ? The third estate was locked out of the meeting, so they went to a tennis court (handball) [whatever†¦ it was a court].They resolved keep convening until there was a new constitution Declaration of the Rights of Man- Lafayette influenced this, King did not sign: guaranteed Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality (later the French Motto) ? o †¢ Leaders [THUNDER]STORMING OF THE BASTILLE AND THE GREAT FEAR Na tional Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention, The Directory Enrage J. Herbert Jacobins Robespierre, St. Just Couthon, â€Å"republic of pure virtue† idealism, vague Cordeliers J. P. Marat, G. J. Danton, C. Desmoulins Republic. One house, broader suffrage but not for women Girondists Jaques Brissot, M&Mme Roland, Condorcet, A.Sieyes Keep king as a figurehead, prime minister or president. Parliamentary system. Weak executive, strong legislative. Limited suffrage. Reform gradually, use laws. Upper bourgeoisie Feuillants Lafayette, Mirabeau Royalists Count Of Artios Agenda Anarchy Constitutional monarchy Absolutism Means To End Supporters Violence is nice. Abolish all, kill, then peace. Radical intellectuals, radical sandculottes Violence may be necessary (guillotine) Leaders? bourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers? sansculottes Rapid reform, system of laws, wider suffrage Leaders? ourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers ? sans-culottes Very slow and careful gradualllll llllllllly change, natural laws. Some (newer) nobles, some clergy Violence may be necessary to get back lost power Upper-class (old wealth) nobles, upper clergy – 26 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o ? Bastille- prison, a symbol of royal despotism, held dissenters. Peasants went and took the gunpowder. When they killed the governor (of the bastille), they put his head on a pike. This was the beginning of VIOLENCE! [bang bang! Louis was really scared. He recognized the Commune of Paris (a new government of the city of Paris). New national guard, under the command of Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolutionary War) The great [grape] fear: violence between the peasants and the nobles. Some aristocrats began to renounce their feudal rights Poissonards: Women from the fish market (poisson means fish), had knives for gutting, they could gut people like a fish [like Katie Evans]. It was raining, guards of the palace saw them and decided to invite them in and give them food.They found the King and Queen COWERING IN FEAR, Marquis de Lafayette made them compromise (they wanted to kill Marie Antoinette), instead they just had the royal family move to the Tuileries, a lesser palace in Paris. TURNING POINT: The center of the revolution was in Paris, Nat’l Assembly moved to Paris as well. June 1791-King and Queen try to eschape ? ? ? ? ? †¢ Dressed like bourgeoisie: went in a carriage, headed towards the Austrian Netherlands (Varenne) to meet up with the emigres (nobles who had fled during the Great Fear o †¢ Count of Artois (Louis XVI’s brother) had led the emigres.Were found out by a drunk guy, brought back to Paris and put under Palace Arrest ? Declaration of Pillnitz †¢ †¢ Issued by Leopold of Austria Said they would stifle France, but only if all of Europe came with them ? Olympe de Gouge- Wrote The Rights of Women, argued women should have property, education, and the right to divorce. Civil Constit ution of the Church- King is forced to pass this: Church is a department of the state, bishops are elected, clergy has state-funded salaries and all have to swear an oath of loyalty. †¢ Considered by many historians (and Mrs. Lansell) to be the biggest mistake of the revolution.Created a split in religion when Pope Pius VI denounced the Civil Constitution. ? †¢ – 27 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o †¢ Refractory Clergy- more devout Catholics, included King and many peasants. Being part of this gave one a reason to be anti-revolution. Constitutional Clergy- strong revolutionaries—there was no strong reason to be part of this. Assignats- Government bonds backed by repossessed Church lands—each bill was redeemable for church land, eventually became the currency of the Republic. ? The National Assembly †¢ †¢ †¢ King has suspensive veto- can delay voting on legislation for 4 years.Also control army and foreign policy. Passive Citizens- Men who do not pay taxes. Active Citizens- Men who pay taxes. o Electors- active citizens with high property requirements. †¢ †¢ France was divided into 83 Departments (instead of the provinces) Paris Commune- Municipality of Paris, controlled by the people. Essentially idealistic communism (even though Marx hadn’t come up with it yet? ) o †¢ †¢ Controlled by Enrages Jews and Protestants have full political rights No slavery o †¢ †¢ Toussaint L ’Ouverture- Enraged at the continuation of slavery in the colonies, led a slave rebellion in Hispaniola (now Haiti)Brunswick Manifesto- Issued by Duke of Brunswick of Prussia— threatened to destroy Paris if the King or his family were harmed. Sans Culottes o Stormed the Tuileries and killed 600 Swiss mercenary guards, because they were bored and had nothing better to do. September Massacres- [Raped, killed, pillaged, and burned] o †¢ Lafayette is somehow No Lon ger the Commander: he flees and captured by Austrians and put in Jail until Napoleon comes and Frees Him. Paris Commune forces the National Assembly to create a new Legislative Body using UMS: this was called the National Convention †¢ o European Reactions to the French Revolution 28 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? William Pitt the Younger [dumbest name ever], British PM, hoped that the war would finally end the rivalry between the two nations. EDMUND BURKE- Wrote Reflections on the French Revolution, opposed the French Revolution, predicting it would become more violent [Well done, Edmund Buuuuurke! ] ? o THE REIGN OF TERR[i]ER [Puppies? ](Actually TerrOr) ? Montagniards- Radical Jacobins- named because they chose to sit above all the others in the National Convention The Plain- Girondists, moderates. Believed in Laissez-Faire, supported a strong legislative government.Committee of Public Safety- Comprised of Danton, Carnot, and Maximilien Robespierr e [who is incorruptible, right? ] Vendee- Area of France which uprose because the Revolutionary Tribunal (specifically Carnot, head of the military) created a Levee en Masse, or mandatory draft on every male 16-25. This angered the peasants because it took away their strong men right before the harvest. Law of Maxim- Froze wages and prices. Price controls benefited the Sans-Culottes. Law of Suspects- Empowers the Revolutionary Tribunal (Committee of Public Safety) to arrest anyone suspicious or suspected. †¢ Banned women from politics Censored the press ? ? ? ? ? ? Jean-Paul Marat- Journalist, published names of dissenters, stabbed by Charlotte Corday †¢ The day after he died was Bastille Day, so he was considered the martyr of the revolution and statues were made in his honor. Jacobins used his death as justification of the terror †¢ ? Jacobins tried to create a Republic of Virtue, where they removed all traces of the old regime. †¢ †¢ Created a new calenda r Removed all traces of religious symbols Created the Cult of the Supreme Being- a religion celebrating virtue, Roman influence.Worship every 10 days (weeks were 10 days long in the revolutionary calendar) o †¢ Supreme Being was pretty much Robespierre. †¢ Guillotined political enemies, circa 20,000 people. – 29 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Many were Girondists. ? Desmoulins (a Cordelier) wrote for a newspaper, in which he called for the end of the terror and therefore was arrested by Robespierre †¢ †¢ †¢ Danton supported his theory (was also a Cordelier) and was arrested too No Cordeliers are left, so only the Jacobins are in power.Robespierre’s popularity wanes o Robespierre says he has a list of all the traitors in the National Assembly and that he will read it the next day Overnight they decide he is a traitor ? He is arrested †¢ He tried to shoot himself and fails o They execute him o ? Thermidorean React ion- People get mad, 100 leading Jacobins are guillotined †¢ The White Terror- Any association with Jacobins or Robespierre would get you guillotined. o o The Directory Napoleon was arrested, but he managed not to get guillotined. ?The Council of Ancients- People aged 40+: They voted on legislation which the Council of 500 created. They had 3 year terms. The Council of 500- General assembly: had to be aged 30+. 2/3 of them had to have been in the National Convention. †¢ Royalists were upset because they had left the National Convention earlier. Tough luck, guys! 2/3 law reaction: Royalists are protesting over the 2/3 law, peasants are generally angry over bad harvests and such so royalists let them fight too. ? †¢ o NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Eco-Final Paper

Planning and Operating Currently, we are In the middle of moving her photography studio from our home to a new downtown location. The new space Is over 1,500 square feet of studio space with a full basement for storage of props. With such a large space, she has decided to open a boutique store along with her new studio. She Is going to Incorporate the merchandise throughout her space so It still feels Like a studio, but items will be for sale throughout the store,'studio. She is going to be selling some of her most popular items that she uses for props.Instead of buying props, outfits and boutique items for implies to use during the sessions, she is going offer a small boutique line that will be open during the week to the public. The boutique will be open Monday, Wednesday and Friday for shopping, and then she will be holding photo sessions on the weekends. The move will take her business to the next step. This new location will benefit her and it will benefit her pictures. Space is a must when you are working with children and larger groups in photography and this building has plenty of open space to catch all of those fun smiles.This also gives back to the customers, It gives hem a more professional feeling when they show up for pictures. It will be a win for both the customers and the photographer. Market Structure The market structure for photographers would have be a pure competition as anyone can buy a camera and take photographs, but if you are looking for professional pictures or investment prints then you need to look for a professional photographer. If you ask around I am sure you will be able to find a handful of photographers. Many do this as a hobby, others do it for additional income without jumping all the way in.You have the local department stores or grocery stores who offer photos for a small price ad then you have the professional photographers who have their own space and style. Once you get to this level I feel that they fall into the olig opoly. There are a limited number of quality photographers who have a price that is comparable to each other. To get to this level there are obstacles to overcome which makes the barriers to entry a little more complicated, Pricing and Non Pricing Strategies The main marketing tool for her photography business has been word of mouth. I Nils NAS Eden very positive Ana seen NAS a strong Toweling AT clientsWalt ten new location, she is going to be introducing a new referral program. With each order, she will provide eight referral cards to be handed out. For every referral that books a session and follows through with the session, the client who referred them will receive a $50 credit for future sessions/orders. She has also spent a lot of time researching print prices. Each photographer has there own strategy and style, but she has kept with an a-la-cart style with reasonable prices. Staying away from packages of prints or sheets of prints, this will allow each client to specifically order hat they want.With a downtown presence, this will open the door for new prospects outside of word of mouth. While having regular hours, this will allow customers to come in and see her studio, see her photos that she has displayed and meet the photographer. This should create a more personal relationship with customers, the community and other downtown businesses. In Just the few days that we have been in painting two neighboring business have requested company photo sessions. Visibility of the store front is already paying off. Appropriate Course and Credit Market Photography is a luxury for individuals and families.It is an art to be able to create a photograph that someone wants to purchase and frame in their home. Not every family wants to have a professional photo of their newborn baby, but the families who do will receive an assortment of pictures that they will cherish forever. This quality of service that a photographer provides has a price tag though. This profession has many different categories. If you want photos done by J Pennies or Wall Mart, you will be able to receive numerous photos for a small price. These photos re very generic and no time on editing is spent to make sure each photo is special.As a personal photographers experience increases, their prices increase as well. They are selling an investment, a luxury item at a particular price. Her research on boutique items has brought another branch to her business. Her main focus will be baby boutique and she will offer mostly items for babies and small children. The boutique will offer wooden baby teething toys, diaper bags, baby clothing, baby leggings, specialized tote bags and specialized hair clips. Each of these items are airily inexpensive to make or buy so there will be a small outlay of inventory costs.As a boutique shop with specialized products, prices will result in a comfortable net profit per item sold. This will be extra income as she plans to be in the studio during the week already. She will also have space to offer more of her products related to photography. She currently offers many different products for prints such as, mounted photos, canvases, stand out photos and a wooden mounted photo. She also offers baby announcement cards, holiday cards and Jewelry with photos. With the additional space in the studio, she will be able to showcase these products that will have the potential for increased sales.Showcasing products to customers is a great way to have them visualize what they would want in their homes. Profit Maximizing Revenue will increase with any level of sales from the boutique as this will be an entirely new market for the business. Depending on how the items marketed sell, will determine what other item will be offered. As the seasons change, the clothing choices will follow suite. New items will continue to be introduced and marketed as e believe this is a great way to have customers continue to visit the store.Changing merchandise wall create tramcar on a regular Oasis. A Tee ways to reduce ten price AT merchandise would be to develop and produce our own inventory or be able to purchase large quantities of inventory at one time. Since a boutique store is more known for having limited items, being able to purchase wisely or developing and producing boutique items will be the best alternative to reducing merchandise costs. Revenue Due to the fact that the boutique portion of the business is extra, any revenue hat is made on boutique products is a plus.Her main focus is to continue to keep the photographer studio busy because taking pictures is what is going to pay the rent. On the boutique side, she is going to focus on developing different products and merchandise during the weekdays and will continue with her photography work on the weekends and weekday nights. With the limited hours during the weekday, she feels that she will be able to keep up with the local demand. When/if it reaches the level where an add itional employee would be needed, we will look at the numbers to make sure it is Justified.The longer we can keep the business within the family, the better and more profitable we will be. With the boutique items being made and bought from wholesalers, this will create a specialty market which will be difficult for another business to copy. Also with the specialty merchandise, this will warrant a higher price as creativity has a higher price tag. This along with her photography skills, these two businesses will go hand in hand. Each photographer has there own style, and with the creativity that she has will carry over into the boutique business.Conclusion Overall, the photography business will be able to Justify the new space by itself; the boutique portion of the space will allow her creativity to be available to customers that are Just browsing or customers who have a scheduled photo session. No matter how you look at it, the exposure that the business will create by being downtow n will be positive and will hopefully create a broader customer base. Reference McConnell, C. R. , Bruce, S. L. & Flynn, S. M (2009). Economics: Principle, problems, and policies (18th deed. ). New York: McGraw Hill/Larkin.

Laptops in the Classroom Essay

Today’s technological advances are ever-changing our world, making life â€Å"easier† and more convenient. Tasks that once may have taken hours of notes, reading and organizing the many pages of documents, can now literally be accomplished in minutes with today’s portable computers. Most would agree that in our learning institutions laptops have become an essential tool in the success of students. Where this agreement usually ends is on the question of the use of laptops while in the classroom. On the one hand some would argue that the use of laptops allow students to research information on the fly, and to take notes, having them neatly organized and even saved to a central database to make them easily accessible by any internet connected computer at any location. On the other hand, some say laptops lead to unnecessary interruptions and disturb the instructors and students alike. My own view is that laptops disrupt the class in many ways and should not be allowed in the classrooms during instruction. First of all, while in class or lecture, the constant clicking of the keys can prevent the instructor from being heard, especially when there is more than one or two keyboards clicking away. Also, the brief seconds that your mind lends to focus on the operation of computing could possibly the moment that a student misses key information. And there is a disadvantage to not giving your undivided attention to an instructor’s lesson, on a larger scale this becomes an obstacle for  McLemore 2 effective learning. As noted in an article, Laptops in Class: A Professional Virus by Maureen A. Howard: Our brains just aren’t designed to do multiple tasks simultaneously and do them well. Admittedly, I can agree that laptops provide many advantages for students including consolidating and organizing multiple subjects. But as I stated before, the operation of laptops in class can be a distraction, and at which point does that distraction become too much to be allowed? Having laptops in class brings up the issue of browsing the internet, playing games, communicating, or the great many other things that one could do, other than following along with the class instruction. Furthermore there is a potential for theft and damage to students property, which could also lead to students arguing and possible physical altercations. All of which impede the progress of learning in the classroom environment. In addition, one should also consider that the traditional method of taking notes by hand and later transferring those notes to a laptop also gives the student the opportunity to go over that information once again. This process helps students commit the information into long term memory. In conclusion, I believe that the negative aspect of using personal laptops in the classroom environment far outweighs the positive reasons to have them, and thus laptops should not be allowed in the classroom during instruction.

Discussion 6 Thinking Critically About Architecture Essay

Discussion 6 Thinking Critically About Architecture - Essay Example The Supreme Court was created to be a government courthouse. The structure was designed by American Cass Gilbert in the neoclassical style (U.S. Supreme Court 1, 2011). The courthouse has several Greco-Roman influences. The building uses symmetry, standard Corinthian column types, roof entablature, building wells, and basilicas. The use of Greco-Roman architecture is a benefit to the functionality of the courthouse and its purpose. The great size of the building is used to house four floors of judicial service. The ground floor is used for offices and public services. The first floor is occupied by Justices’ chambers, offices for law clerks and secretaries, the East and West Conference rooms, and several other rooms of utility for officers of the court. The second floor is mostly office space and the Justices’ library and dining rooms. The third floor is where the Supreme Court Library is located. Neoclassical architecture is defined as classical architecture of ancient Greece and Roman influence that is likely to have symmetrical shape, columns that rise to the full height of the buildings, triangular pediment, and/or a domed roof (Neoclassical Architecture, 2011). This style is apparent in the exterior structure of the Supreme Court. There are sixteen exterior columns that rise to the top of the building and there is triangular pediment visual in the front end. The Supreme Court uses several types of columns from Greek order. The courthouse uses Corinthian columns topped with entablatures supporting the exterior of the building. These columns are present in the center entrance of the main building. There is a definite symmetry of the building as it peeks in the middle and skews to either side. Entablatures are present on the exterior of the courthouse embodied below the pediments and above the columns. These dà ©cor are typical of Greek culture and dramatic in design. Inside the Supreme Court uses what is known as the building

Teaching and presentation skills FOR NURSING AND SOCIAL WORK SKILLS Essay

Teaching and presentation skills FOR NURSING AND SOCIAL WORK SKILLS - Essay Example The topic I chose for my teaching and presentation session was Direct Payments. The present essay will discuss the theories, process and teaching and presentation skills which I learnt to practice. I will use Gibbs reflective model to examine the preparation and delivery of the lesson I delivered using teaching and presentation skills. I have opted for Gibbs model of reflection because it integrates a number of logical steps including description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). I will facilitate critical thought and relate theory to practice in an effective manner using Gibbs model. I will evaluate and analyse my teaching practice using SWOT analysis in order to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of my teaching practice and to identify areas for future improvement (Wilkinson 2007). Reflective practice in nursing and social work is guided by models of reflection. A reflective practice model serves as a framework within which nursing or other management professions can work. Reflective practice model is also a structural framework or learning model that serves the purposes of a profession and is particularly applicable to health and social care professions (Smith & Jack 2005). Any portfolio of practice includes a model of reflection as reflection helps in determining what was positive or negative in a pedagogical experience. Reflective practice highlights the importance of learning from experiences through reflection. It relates the practical experiences to the theoretical learning approaches (Johns & Graham 1996). There are many different ways of learning and teaching. Sensory stimulation theory has its foundation in learning through the senses that is seeing, hearing, touch, smell and taste. (Petty 2004). Brockbank & McGill (1998)

UK Monetary Policy Regime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

UK Monetary Policy Regime - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Monetary Policy can be broadly defined as â€Å"the deliberate effort by the Central Bank to influence economic activity by variations in the money supply, in the availability of credit or in the interest rates consistent with the specific national objectives.†Ã‚   Money serves as a medium of exchange, as a store of value, a standard for measuring values and a unit of account. The role of money is to serve as a medium of exchange, and it is the medium through which everything can be bought and sold. The monetary policy of any country refers to the regulatory policy, whereby the monetary authority maintains its control over the supply of money for the realization of general economic objectives. This involves manipulating the supply of money, the level, and structure of interest rates and other conditions affecting the availability of credit. However, in the context of developing economies, monetary policy acquires a wider role and it has to be design ed to meet the particular requirements of the economy. This involves not merely the restriction of credit expansion to curb inflation, but also the provision of adequate funds to meet the legitimate requirements of industry and trade and curbing the use of credit for unproductive and speculative purposes. The monetary policy of an economy operates through three important instruments, viz. the regulation of money supply, control over aggregate credit and the interest rate policy. Economic growth is dependent on mobilizing savings and directing them into productive channels. In this process, money supply can only play a limited role. However, the role establishes an important connection between money supply, output and price level (ICFAI Center for Management Research (ICMR)). These relationships cannot be ignored even if the primary concern of the government is the mobilization of real factors that ultimately lead to economic growth. A principal objective of any central bank is to sa feguard the value of the currency in terms of what it will purchase. Rising prices – inflation – reduces the value of money. Monetary policy is directed to achieving this objective and providing a framework for non-inflationary economic growth.

Community Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Communication - Essay Example Normally, we find ourselves bound to care with one another in a community not only because we readily understand the necessity of survival through interactive relationship but even for the natural truth in historicity where there emerges discernment of historical background that enables one person to gauge the other in terms of a continuing culture they have both lived with though at separate places and time. The mutual respect or concern established toward a cultural or religious tradition, for instance, may hold us within a sensible meaning of community in which while we distinguish individual selves with unique identity to develop for personal growth, we know somewhere from the inner core that our mutuality in beliefs and principles sets us apart from certain degree of plural indifference. Since a community is quite characteristic of norms when it comes to general views or opinions on matters of common interest, we are more likely to form social attitudes and standards based on these norms. Our adherence to a specific standard which is made by the majority in the community eventually becomes or aligns with our own as we give value or judgment to an object or person. Such act of paying someone worth or opinion comes out either just or unjust, hurtful or favorable on the basis of how the former interprets and reacts to the community’s overall perception of him or her. Consequently, the community becomes a ‘sum’ to look at or respond to and in return, it also collects to itself from individual ideas that share similar attributes in order to project a law that almost everyone is drawn to follow in the course of nature. In this regard, thus, communication is hugely significant especially in expressing one’s insights and feelings that would help the community make the necessary adjustment in recognizing the real value of a member or one that is

Colombian Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Colombian Entrepreneurial Ecosystem - Essay Example The armed conflict in Columbia had drastic effects on all sides: the government forces, the guerillas, and even the civilians. A large number of people, approximately 90,000, lost their lives with millions of people being forcibly displaced. Several other people were kidnapped with many being disabled by landmines and explosion of bombs. Properties such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructures were destroyed in the process of the soaring conflict, hence leading to massive physical destructions. The armed conflict started because of protest for the rights of the poor Columbians with the desire to be protected by government against social injustices and unequal distribution of resources including land and wealth, which made the people of Columbia dissatisfied. Out of these, there came up strategic protests to forcefully demand these rights by taking over governance by force and violence (Acs &Szerb 113). This struggle was undertaken by different groups at regional and subdivision levels through conflicts. Their anger was directed to state utilities, infrastructure and regions perceived to be beneficiaries of public resources, such as those in strategic routes of transportation of weapons, drugs and food. Other areas attacked are those seen to harbor state forces or those which provide them with resources. This Columbian conflict had far-reaching effects on the business sector in Columbia and its environments. It affected the entrepreneurial performance, which includes the regulatory framework, access to capital, access to R&D technology, entrepreneurial capabilities, market conditions and culture. By affecting these determinants, the conflict changed and determined how entrepreneurship is carried out in Columbia. Entrepreneurs were affected both directly and indirectly by the conflicts in Columbia. Entrepreneurs faced high transactional cost because of the unfavorable business climat e resulting from the conflicts. Merchandizing was spoiled due to the disrupted network and infrastructure since goods and services relying on them could not reach their destination. Businesspersons also lost international partners because the conditions were unfavorable for business. This led to loss of business opportunities, which made many companies close their business. Entrepreneurs could not invest freely for fear of being victimized and kidnapped, extorted or attacked. The room for expansion was limited by competition for territory, which was managed by guerilla groups. With high insecurity, finance meant to be used in business was invested to cover for security and insurance of their investments. Huge amounts of finances were spent in efforts to control conflicts with development projects and peace initiatives started in Columbia. This strained businesses and even led to closure of some. The entrepreneurship culture was eradicated and individuals were stopped from investing because of insecurity in the market. Prices of natural and industrial goods increased because of decreased production as demand increased; the low production was witnessed as a result of insecurity and instability in the country during the war. Regulatory Framework in Colombia Whereas laws have been enhanced, the implementation approaches in Colombia are weak because of mainly the idea that defense spending is exploiting the civilian economy and entrepreneurial growth. During the 1990s, defense budget averaged 1.36% of the total GDP. Even up to early 2000s, the

An implantable cardiac pacemaker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

An implantable cardiac pacemaker - Essay Example The straining of the heart causes further damage to the heart muscles and this may eventually lead to complete wearing out of the heart. It is imperative to note that this condition is serious medical problem that may be caused by diseases that cause damage to the heart such as coronary heart disease and high blood pressure. The cardiac pacemaker is a device that can be used to treat heart failure by assisting the heart to perform its function of pumping blood to the body (Forde & Pat, p. 1263). The device is placed in the chest of the person who has the problem of heart failure and it delivers controlled and systematic electric stimulus to maintain normal heartbeat. Notably, the cardiac pacemaker monitors the hear beat of a person ensures that the heart rate is normal. This device plays a vital role of ensuring that the affected person does not succumb to heart failure by ensuring that the heart pumps blood at the desired rate. For instance, if the heart begins to slow down in its p umping process, the cardiac pacemaker sends an electric stimulus to the heart to initiate normal pumping. Once the heart regains the desired pumping rate, the cardiac pacemaker takes a back seat and continues monitoring the heart rate for any anomalies. According to (Beck et al 812), approximately a third of the people with heart failures have problems with the transmission of electrical impulses to the ventricles of the heart. This means that the cardiac pacemaker can help to deliver the required electrical stimulus in order to synchronize the pumping of blood by both the ventricles of the heart in the appropriate manner. Cardiac pacemaker devices are important especially for people who experience moderate and occasional severe heart failures. This device can help to avert the dangers associated with abnormal pumping of blood by the heart and thus save millions of lives. Also, people with persistent heart failures despite taking the requisite medications can use cardiac pacemakers. In such cases, the cardiac pacemaker can be implanted permanently on the chest of the affected person whereby it manages the heart failure condition by monitoring the heart rate and intervening whenever necessary (Bazaka & Mohan, p. 14). This device also has therapeutic functions for people who have weak heart muscles that cannot function normally. The first ever electronic device to be implanted into a human body was the cardiac pacemaker. In 1958, the first cardiac pacemaker designed and produced by Dr. Rune Elmqvist was implanted on a patient who was suffering from severe Gerbezius-Adam’s-Stokes attacks (Beck et al 811, Haddad et al., p. 40). This pioneering device was powered by rechargeable batteries and it only had one silicon transistor. Notably, the first cardiac pacemaker worked only for a few hours before it had to be replaced by a second similar device. Before the implanted cardiac device was designed, early scientists had produced an external pacemaker which work ed successfully in the provision of temporary cardiac therapy. The external pacemaker was a cumbersome and heavy device which could not be easily carried around by the patients (Haddad et al., p. 42). Advances in biomedical engineering and the discovery of silicon transistors made it possible for scientists to produce a lighter and portable pacemaker. According to Bazaka and Mohan, these pacemakers were externally carried by the

Influence of Technology in Visual Art Essay Example for Free

Influence of Technology in Visual Art Essay How does technology influence visual art? And how does photography influence the development of painting? This essay considers the impact of technology on the visual art and how this technology accelerated the development of the art and how people respond, adapt and incorporate modern technology into their own work. The impact of technology in visual arts has been in photography. Willian Melin stated that, â€Å"the dominant forces during the past century has been modern technology and has affected virtually every aspect of modern life social, political, economic and cultural† (Melin p. 3). Photography has influenced many painters and has admitted its impact on their work. Their art was greatly affected by this new medium. The effect of this technology was not only to alter the world of painting and the role of the painter but also to use it as a new method or tool to develop their work. Some Artists uses photographs as the basis of their painting or as a reference or guidelines. One of the photograph’s first benefits to the painter was its possible use as a sketch. The photograph could capture exactly a face, a pose, a scene and even actions of different motion. The earliest work by photographers Eadward Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey influenced among many painters such as Edgar Degas, Giacomo Balla and Marcel Duchamp. â€Å"When in the late 1870’s, Muybridge’s snapshots of the animal locomotion, specially the studies of horse’s different gaits, came to be known in France and the United States† (de Duve p. 114). Eadweard Muybridge was known for his early use of multiple cameras to study motion. Muybridges photographic motion study shows by separating motion into a series of stills. Each subject shows us series of motion as parts in the subject. These cameras capture the image, introducing a single moment from all possible movements of the subject in motion. Taken as a whole, he presents us with an idea of the motion; when projected rapidly on a screen in proper sequence creating rapid consecutive intervals of number of images following one after the other, the motion becomes clear. â€Å"With this demonstration at a meeting of the San Francisco Art Association on May 4, 1880, moving pictures were born† (Newhall p. 336). Muybridges motion studies are considered to be a vital step in the development of photography to motion pictures as we know them today.

Research into motivations for mountain biking tourism

Research into motivations for mountain biking tourism The two types of survey taken into consideration were a mail survey and an e-survey. The former is reported to be the most effective method of surveying a membership organisation (Veal 1997). This delivery method was not undertaken though, due to the cost of printing 360 questionnaires and the accompanying letters, as well as purchase of envelopes and stamps. These expenses would increase substantially if reminders were to be sent. Therefore, it was decided that an e-survey would be employed. The advantages of an e-questionnaire included low cost of conducting the survey and the possibility of instant analysis of the collected data (Veal 1997). An additional benefit was the possibility of designing a visually attractive questionnaire. Furthermore, online surveys were selected as they are eco-friendly, owing to the non-use of paper (Survey Monkey 2007), an approach reflecting the basic principles of the Forestry Commission, the administrator of the locations which are a focus of this study. An e-survey is also more advantageous for the respondents as they are allowed to take their time to answer the questions. At the same time, completing a survey online is quicker in comparison with filling out a postal survey (Survey Monkey 2007). The biggest disadvantage can be the general perception of some e-surveys as part of the increasing volume of ‘junk e-mail’, which might play a role in response rates (Veal 1997). The spam and personal data protection concerns were addressed by selecting a legitimate and reputable organisation (IMBA U.K.) to distribute the e-questionnaire. Another disadvantage of a web-based survey, just like a postal one, is its limited administration, which can negatively affect the response rate (Survey Monkey 2007). Further drawbacks of using a web-based survey include technical faults and multiple submissions by the same respondent. Although it was impossible to prevent the former issue, the latter was solved by the use of a tool allowing only one response per computer. 2.3. Survey instrument A two-page, self-administered fully electronic questionnaire was designed using an online survey tool surveymonkey.com. The questionnaire design process offered by Veal (1997) was adopted in the present work. Firstly, literature review was conducted to identify conceptual problems and research questions. Secondly, a list of information required to address the issues as created. Thirdly, questionnaire was selected as a method which would meet the information requirements. The questionnaires used by Green (2003) in a survey on IMBA U.S. members, as well as a study by Cessford (1995) on New Zealand mountain bikers served as a blueprint in the questionnaire design process. The factors examined in the questionnaire can be divided into five groups corresponding to the research objectives: 1. mountain bikers general characteristics (type of mountain biking participated in, level of advancement, frequency of participation); 2. mountain bikers’ demographic and socio-economic characteristics (age, gender, household size, education, occupation and income); 3. the Forestry Commission locations used by mountain bikers (identification of the most popular mountain biking centres in Great Britain); 4. travel patterns of mountain bikers and trip-related factors in decision making (importance of promotional channels and of various destination features in destination choice, spend, means of transport and accommodation used, use of tour operators); 5. the importance of adventure components in mountain biking and the motivations of mountain bikers. The e-questionnaire consisted of 21 questions, 15 of which concerned the respondent’s mountain biking experience, while the remaining 6 their demographics (see Appendix 4). The demographics section was presented on the second page, as inserting all 21 questions on a lengthy single page might discourage respondents from completing the survey. 19 questions were closed, while only 2 open-ended. It was decided that pre-coded questions are a more reasonable option since the questionnaire was respondent-completed and, as reported by Veal (1997), open-ended questions are too time consuming, which can negatively affect response rate. As regards question techniques, 2 kinds of rating scales were employed, namely Likert scale with simple YES/ NO answers, as well as semantic differentials indicating the degree of importance of a particular feature using 5-point scale (1 – not important, 2 – quite important, 3 – important, 4 – very important, 5 – extreme ly important). These two scales were not only easy to construct and administer, but also respondent friendly. Several questions were checklist or multiple choice type, and only 2 were open-ended, though they did not require descriptive answers. The ordering format was based on Veal (1997), who suggested sequencing questions in the following order: easy, relevant and personal. The questions were kept compact and simplified wherever possible, and clarity of layout was assured by using the online survey tool. Introductory remarks specifying the purpose of the survey were included on top of the questionnaire, while confidentiality and anonymity were ensured in remarks preceding the demographic section of the questionnaire. In addition, a thank you page was created at the end of the questionnaire. These measures, coupled with the survey participation request posted on IMBA U.K. forum in advance, were employed to maximise response rate. In order to ensure validity of the questionnaire-based data, ‘dummy’ categories were included. In question 4, listing the Forestry Commission managed mountain biking centres, 3 non-existent locations were added – Mammoth (ENG), Gutter Valley (SCO) and Badger Trail (WAL). In question 8, the same feature was repeated twice under different wording (‘Strong mtb community/ culture’ and ‘Strong mountain biking community/ culture’). This approach is suggested by Veal (1997) as a tool of measuring the degree of error in r esponses. In the pre-testing stage of the questionnaire design, a 21-question draft was e-mailed to 10 members of IMBA UK forum who had earlier declared that they would be interested in completing it. The purpose of the pre-test was to determine whether the instructions and questions were interpreted in a manner which had been intended (Finn et al. 2000). Specifically, wording, sequencing and layout of the questionnaire were to be tested (Veal 1997). Most of those who replied described it as â€Å"easy to complete and not time consuming†. Nevertheless, problems in two questions were indicated. Firstly, extending the list of Scottish mountain biking sites in question 4 was suggested. Upon reviewing the Internet sources, a total of 8 sites were added to the list. Secondly, it was signalled that question 13 asking about an approximate spend per trip was not precise enough. This issue was addressed by specifying the areas of spending that the respondents should consider (travel, food, drink , accommodation).

Adverse effects of flood in Pakistan

Adverse effects of flood in Pakistan Executive Summary: The Flood of 2010 which affected around 20 million people in Pakistan directly and left them homeless have been the worst flood that Pakistan and the world has ever seen. The research was conducted on the subject of adverse effects of flood in Pakistan and how it has affected our agriculture, banks, economy, imports and exports. The research was basically exploratory in nature in which we gathered articles from various institutions, organizations and newspapers. There is so much material available on the topic that it became a challenge for us to remain specific and to the point. One more problem was that due to many sources there were a clash in the facts figures so we have taken out the reliable resources in order to make it less confusing. The research concluded that the flood has caused unprecedented devastation to Pakistans economy, agriculture, infrastructure, imports/exports and above all, to human lives and dignity. Not only 20 million have to be given food and shelter but for the long term the government and the people have to create jobs so that they can stand on their own feet again. Introduction Natural Disaster is the effect of natural hazards which includes flood, tornado, volcano eruption, earthquake or landslide that affects the environment, leads to financial, environmental and/or human losses. It is terrible event that is not caused by human activity and results in deaths, injuries or damage to property. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster, and their resilience. This perceptive is concentrated in the formulation: disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability .A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has therefore been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement. Natural disasters which occur due to the change of plate tectonics are earthquakes, volcanoes, geyser eruptions and tsunami. These different types of natural disasters have taken away millio ns of lives and have caused trillions of dollars in terms of financial losses. The recent flood in Pakistan was one of the worst natural disasters in Pakistans history and in worlds history. It was one of the biggest disasters that the world have ever experienced not in terms of death but in terms of people affected, area affected and in terms of financial losses that occurred. Almost one- eighth of the population was directly affected by flood. The floods that recently caused great damage to Pakistan had more impact than the combine impact of tsunami in 2004, Haiti earthquake in 2010 and Earthquake of 2005 that affected northern areas of Pakistan. The affected people in these combine three disasters were around 11 million people but in the recent flood affected around 20 million people across Pakistan. Pakistan has experienced floods and the details of those floods are provided below: Flood in September 1992 affected 12 million people Flood in August 1992 affected 6 million people Flood in August 1976 affected 5 million people Flood in July 1978 affected 2.2 million people Flood in July 1995 affected 1.2 million people The Flood of 2010 which affected around 20 million people in Pakistan directly and left them homeless have been the worst flood that Pakistan and the world have ever seen. Only eight million out of 20 million people were affected in the province of Punjab. It has caused billions of dollars losses to Pakistans economy, agriculture, imports etc. According to World Bank and Asian Development Bank the economic impact of recent flood is estimated as much as 43 billion dollars. Topic: Adverse effects of floods in Pakistan. MAP: This map is highlighting the flood affected areas from severe (red) to moderate (orange). C:Documents and SettingsFaizanaliDesktopuntitled.bmp Purpose Statement: To determine the adverse effects of recent floods in Pakistan. Research Questions: How the recent has floods affected Pakistan? Sub-Research Question: How has the floods affected our agriculture? How has the floods affected the banks? How has the floods affected our economy? How has the floods affected our Imports and Exports? Hypothesis: The recent floods have an adverse affect on our economy. LITERATURE REVIEW Effect on Agriculture Agriculture sector have been the backbone of the Pakistans economy and Pakistan is known as agriculture based country. According to the facts provide by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Agriculture is one of the main sector of Pakistans economy employing more than 42% of the labor force and accounts to 23% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The recent floods did not only led to human loss but had a large impact on the agriculture sector directly. It destroyed many crops and over an estimated area of 1.38 million acres were affected due to recent flood of 2010. Pakistans major crops are cotton, wheat and rice. Wheat is one of the Important produce of Pakistan has been severely damaged in the flood. According to the data provided by Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock shows and we quote: Punjab: 44,896 tonnes Khyber Pukhtunkhwa: 80,823 tonnes Sindh: 5,41,696 tonnes Balochistan: 321, 651 tonnes The above facts stated by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock shows that total of 0.6 million tones of wheat has been damaged throughout the county and major places that were affected were parts of Sindh and Balochistan but the government is taking out positives from these flood that is they think that these flood would lead to more fertile land and that would lead to bumper crop in coming year in the flood- affected regions. According to analysis done by Dr. Abdul Rashid, Member Monitoring and Evaluation, Punjab Agriculture Board, he told Dawn.com and we quote This fertile layer will result in good yields in the coming years. According to former Federal Minister for Food Agriculture and Livestock Khair Muhammad Junejo, he said and we quote Flood overall effect for land will be beneficial. Dr Abdul Rashid further said and we quote The floods will recharge the water in the soil and underground water resources will increase. According to another expert Dr Shamsuddin Tunjo, professor at the faculty of Crop Production at the Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam is of the opnion and we quote: Plain lands may benefit in the terms of fertilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the floods erode away rich layers of soil and if water stands for a long time in the land, the next seasons crop may not be grown. C:Documents and SettingsFaizanaliDesktopp09_24420661.jpg This picture surely tells us what has happened to our agriculture land. According to the Facts Stated by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) which works under the United Nation Organization: It is almost impossible to measure the gravity of losses to the agriculture sector as they are huge and further unfolding. Almost 80% people in the flood affected areas rely on agriculture for their livelihood and they see it as their main source of income One of the toughest task that the farmers will have to face is to recover their land in time when the new season begins in September/ October. Overall throughout the country millions of people have lost their entire means to sustain themselves in the immediate and longer term, all this is due to the destruction/ damage of standing crops and means of agriculture production. According to FAO although they have completed in half of all flood affected districts shows that 1.3 million hectares of standing crops have been damaged. According to their statistics 0.5-0.6 million tones of wheat stock have been affected. According to their Livestock Department recent flood caused death of 1.2 large and small animals, and 6 million poultry. With the assessment still taking place, the losses are going to affect millions directly and indirectly and will have the direct impact on the countrys GDP as these crops would have to be imported to meet the countrys demand for wheat and rice. Response to needs in the agriculture sector cannot be ignored nor delayed. According to their estimates standing crops on over 10,000 hectares have been washed away and nearly 8000 livestock have been destroyed in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province alone. The worst affected districts are Swat, Nowshera, Charsadda, Shangla and Kohistan. Nowshera and Charsadda are the most fertile areas in the country producing variety of crops. Wheat is the main staple in Pakistan, fulfilling almost 35% of the average per capita calorie requirement in 2008. This year in Pakistan a record harvest took place for wheat around 23.4 million tones prior to flood, the flood water result in serious losses of wheat stocks that were held at household level. The loss of wheat can have a negative impact on the planting of next season which will begin in October/November because the flood have caused loss of seeds, fertilizers, livestock and savings. According to their estimates 1.2 million livestock and 6 million poultry have perished. One of the main reason that this figure is so high is because when people were rescued during the recent flood people did not take their animals with them and opted to save their life. The major challenge faced by different agencies working in Pakistan during this flood was to provide food to animals who survived as the supply was very limited and they face difficult task of transporting this food supply as majority of infrastructure was also destroyed. The United Nation has appealed for emergency assistant of $ 5.7 million for livestock. A closer look has been done by CASSIM Investments (PVT) LTD (18 Aug 2010) They have identified major crops that have been affected due to recent flood in Pakistan and they have given details of damages incurred by different crops. Cotton: It has been worst hit crop, as according to initial estimates we have lost as much as 2 million bales. This will direct impact on our textile industry and will lead to import of cotton. This will put pressure on our current account deficit and lead to deprecation of our currency. Wheat: According to them , they estimate they due to recent flood that have damaged wheat badly will lead to wheat shortage which is main staple in Pakistan. Rice: Pakistan is one of the main rice exporter in the world and they estimate that Pakistan might not be able to meet its target of rice exports this year as they expect losses in crop as well. This will result in loss of foreign exchange and widening of current account deficit Sugar: They have estimated a loss of 500,000 tonnes of sugar cane, approximately 2-3% of the sugar cane demand. They believe it will have minimum impact on the availability of refined sugar. Effect on Economy The congressional research report that was present to the congress member on recent flood in Pakistan stated the economic effects of floods. According to them it is too early to assess the damage caused by flood and it can only be assessed once the water goes away to examine the extent of damage caused to crops, housing, roads and bridges, electrical grid and other critical elements to its economic recovery. According to the preliminary assessment done by the Asian Development Bank and FAO shows that around 14% of cultivated land has been affected by floods, that resulted in loss of 25% of the cotton crop and some other crops, Pakistan has also lost 1% of its livestock and there is danger of this percentage rising due to feed shortages and lack of veterinary care after the flood waters recede. The broader effect of flood can also be felt with price of domestic items soaring and creating high inflation. In addition to this government spending on relief activities is going to widen the fiscal deficit. According to United Nation Organization it estimates that the recent flood will increase Pakistans fiscal deficit expenditures by $4 billion in fiscal year 2010/11. A preliminary evaluation reported submitted to the Pakistans ministry of finance has estimated that there will be zero percent GDP growth and 25% inflation this year. The figure shows that Pakistan is going to face tough challenges ahead in year 2010/11 because the targets set by the IMF (International monetary fund) varied with these figures. IMF set a target of 4.5% GDP growth and with 9% inflation. The long-term economic effects are not easy to assess. According to one source, repairing damaged infrastructure that includes roads, bridges and dames would cost Pakistan whopping $15 billion. There are 44 critical factors that will hamper the speed of Pakistans economic progress over the next few years. Now Pakistan which is already face tough challenges since 2008 has the lowest TAX-GDP ratio in the world with figures acc ounting to 8-9 %. The World Bank and the Asian Development have agreed to give loans $ 1 billion and $2 billion respectively but they have also attached conditions to these loans. The IMF which have provided loan of $ 10-11 billion have asked Pakistan to review its monetary policy and fiscal policy. They have set targets for Pakistan and prior to these floods Pakistan have failed to achieve some of the targets set by the International Monetary fund. The IMF set condition of lowering fiscal deficit to 5.1 % during this year while Pakistan exceeded this limit and had a fiscal deficit of 6.2 % of the GDP, now that flood have occurred it looks impossible that Pakistan would be able to meet the targets set by IMF. Pakistan have to pay back the loan to IMF by 2012/13 and it would cost the country $3 billion per year. Pakistan external debt has already amounted to $55.5 billion which is 56% of the GDP. These figures are a prove that Pakistan which is already unable to meet the requirements set by the international donors will find it impossible to meet the target after the recent flood that have moved Pakistan decades back. According to CASSIM INVESTMENTS (PVT) LTD They have stated that since the entire infrastructure have been badly destroyed specially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and some areas of Punjab. All this will have to build to revive economic activity and thus this has forced the government to cut down is Public Sector Development Program by almost 50 % this means that all the development projects which were taking place in order to improve the economy have now been stopped and the funds have been shifted towards the flood affected areas. They have also stated that the imports of goods for relief purpose will widen the current account deficit. Foreign Aid will help the country in the short term, but will constrict the amount of PSDP available with the financial cost burden in the future. A current account shortage will cause devaluation of the currency, which is favorable for sectors for exports but if we see in our country it will have negative impact because depreciation would result in high inflation damaging Pakistans fiscal policy and monetary policy. According to an article in Daily Times on August 29 2010 it states that and we quote Government of Pakistan will revise its economic growth targets and major budget projections in consultation with International Monetary Fund (IMF), official sources informed here on Saturday. Damage caused to the backbone of the economy; the agriculture sector of is provisionally estimated at Rs 244.6 billion and losses due to the damage to the infrastructure and private and public properties are estimated to be around Rs 600 billion in all four provinces, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan. Consultation on revision in macro-economic targets is to be taken during the ongoing fifth review of Pakistans economy with IMF authorities at Washington. Economic growth targets and major budget projections for the 2010-13 were approved under the Medium Term Budgetary Framework for the next three years, however, the floods have changed the entire scene on the economic landscape of the country that requires major revision. Devastation caused by the floods across the country has seriously damaged the main sectors of economy especially the agriculture sector and Pakistans development priorities have changed and a major portion of resources are being planned to divert towards rehabilitation of flood affecters. Recent floods across the country have caused devastations worth Rs 244.6 billion in the agriculture sector with maximum damage suffered by the small farmers who have faced a loss of around Rs 98 billion, some facing total annihilation of their crops. While on the other hand, Finance Ministry has convened an important meeting, to review key macroeconomic indicators of the country following devastation of floods. Sources said that meeting of the Medium Term Budgetary Framework (MTBF) being held at Ministry of Finance would review the rolling targets of key macroeconomic indicators for the next three years, which were unveiled in the budget. They recent floods have changed the economic priorities of the country and budgetary targets have become totally irrelevant on the face of massive displacement caused by worst ever floods in the history of the country. This information is expected to be shared with IMF during talks currently underway in Washington that would continue till September 2. Growth target of 4.5 percent for 2010-11 was to reach 5 percent in 2011-12 and 5.5 percent for 2012- 2013 under the MTBF. Sources said that growth target for the current fiscal year as well as for the next two years would have to be revised because of the devastating floods whose impact on economy would remain for the next few years. Inflation was targeted to be brought down to 9.5 per cent in the ongoing fiscal year and 8 and 7 percent for 2011-12 and 2012-13 respectively. These targets have become irrelevant and would be readjusted in view of the present situation; the same is the case with revenue collection targets. The governments revenue collection targets of 15.2 percent of the GDP for the ongoing fiscal year and 15.5 and 15.9 percent for the next two years respectively are unlikely to be met. http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Slideshows/_production/ss-100730-Pakistan-floods/ss-100819-Pakistan-floods-03.ss_full.jpg One of the many industries drowned in the flood. Dr. Amjad Waheed, CFA, Chief Executive Officer of NBP Fullerton Asset Management Limited (Formerly National Fullerton Asset Management Limited) has written an in depth article on the countrys economic condition and has projected the future trends in our economy. Highlights are given below. Total Losses estimated at 5.8% of GDP. Around 15% of the Pakistani population has been affected by the floods. According to some initial estimates agricultural losses may exceed Rs 250 billion whereas infrastructure losses may exceed Rs 600 billion. Thus total estimated losses of around US$10 billion will equal 5.8% of Pakistans GDP. Economic Growth rate expected to be subdued. We expect agriculture sector to show a negative growth, and industry and services sector to grow by about 3%. We project corporate earnings to rise by 14% over the next four quarters, down from our previous estimates of 18% growth. Fiscal Deficit is expected to balloon to 7.5% of GDP in FY11. The slowdown in economy as a result of the floods will make tax collection target of Rs 1.7 trillion extremely difficult to achieve. On the other hand, government expenditures are expected to rise substantially to re-build the infrastructure in the floods-affected areas and rehabilitate the effected families. Domestic Government borrowing in the form of Treasury Bills and National Savings Schemes is also expected to rise substantially. In the months of July and August 2010, the Government Treasury Bills stock has already risen by about Rs 137 billion. This will also continue to crowd out the private sector. As a result, the budget deficit is estimated to cross 7.5% of GDP in FY11. Inflation and Interest Rates are expected to rise further. The imposition of value added tax from October, damage to crops from floods, projected rise in utility prices and expected additional taxes to support people affected with floods may result in inflation rising to around 15% in FY11. Stock Market performance expected to remain lackluster in FY11. Floods are expected to have a negative impact on the banking industry, auto industry and oil marketing companies, at least in the short run. In the remaining period of FY11 the stock market may not be able to show a double digit growth from the current levels. The Margin Trading System, even if implemented, is not going to make a significant difference to the performance of the Pakistani stock market, in my opinion, as the economic and political fundamentals will take time to improve. Trade and Current Account Deficit are expected to Rise. Pakistans exports will suffer due to damage to the key crops and textile sector resulting from floods, as well as power shortfall and high inflation. Pakistans imports, on the other hand, are expected to show an increase due to import of around 2-3 million bales of cotton and food products. Investors are advised to remain conservative and prefer money market funds relative to equity funds for the time being. Effect on Banks The Moodys investor services changed the long-term local currency deposit ratings and bank financial strength ratings of the big-5 banks from stable to negative, said Muniba Saeed, an analyst at Invest Capital, here Saturday. The change in the outlook of the banks was driven mainly by the impact of flood giving rise to economic challenges. The food shortage and rising input prices will further hinder the corporate sectors recovery due to the slowdown in the economic growth and inflationary pressures. The rating agency expects that higher input prices would lead to a loss of competitiveness in certain export-oriented sectors, especially textiles. According to data from the State Bank of Pakistan, the banking sector exposure to textiles as of June stood at eight per cent of the total exposure, however, the banking sector exposure to cumulative textiles and the crop growing category of agriculture stood at 11 per cent of the total, or Rs635 billion. As textiles being the highest borrower in the manufacturing sector, such dependence are likely to dent the sectors profitability, owing to increased provisioning requirement and resultant increased probability of the non-performing loans. The banks non-performing loans (NPLs) have grown to an alarming level of Rs456 billion by March this year on the back of a sliding economy, according to the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). The increasing NPLs are squeezing the profits of the banks, as they are required under the prudential regulations to make provisions against their bad debt. National Bank of Pakistan, the lender with the highest delinquency ratio, faces an increase in loan failures after the worst flooding in the countrys history damaged farmland in areas where the bank lends. Syed Ali Raza, the banks president, said in an interview in Karachi, There will certainly be some impact on non-performing loans. The impact will be containable but it will be there. He continued, While there were immediate losses from floods largely in the agriculture sector, there is a positive side to the disaster as it has refreshed farmland across the country. The yield from those farms is likely to improve with better, more fertile soil and availability of water in the next season. Abdul Shakur, a research analyst at BMA Capital Management Ltd. in Karachi said With around 25 percent of its total lending to agriculture related business, it will be a real challenge for National Bank to register growth in profit, He estimates a 22 percent decline in National Banks profit in 2010. Muhammad Imran, head of research at Arif Habib Investment Ltd. in Karachi said The flood losses and the discount rate rise may limit the ability of borrowers to return loans. Banks may be asked to reschedule and ease terms. The central bank said in an e-mailed statement Given the likely impact of the recent floods, ongoing challenging economic environment, power shortages and security situation in the country, the increased portfolio of non- performing loans and heightened credit risk remain the major challenge for the banking system. Effects on the Imports/Exports The recent floods in Pakistan have badly affected the Pakistans economy. The floods as caused a widespread destruction badly affecting the infrastructure, the farmlands and many industries. The floods have caused destruction to cotton, wheat and rice crops extensively thereby affecting the exports of finished products such as textile, and also raw material such as rice and cotton bales. According to the USDA Report, Due to the devastating floods, Post revises its 2010/11 rice production estimates for Pakistan to 4.4 MMT, a decrease of 32%. Pakistani rice exports for 2010/11 are similarly reduced to an estimated 2.3 MMT, a decline of 36%. Rice is Pakistans second largest export product and the reduction in rice exports is expected to have implications for its balance of payments. However the figures given for cotton are bleaker, as before Pakistan used to export cotton but now this year Pakistan is forced to import cotton from India and other countries to meet its own local demand and also in order to fulfill the export orders. According to Fibre to Fashion (a leading textile news website), More than one million bales of cotton crops have been destroyed, and the Government is not in the capacity to achieve its target of 14 million bales of annual production. Due to this, Pakistan, being Asias fourth largest producer of cotton is likely to fall back by 10-15% of its cotton production. Incessant downpour has damaged the fields in Piplan Layyah, Mianwali, and Mithankot. Regions in the Central Punjab such as Rajanpur, Lyia, Rahimyar Khan, and DG Khan were seriously affected losing thousands of bales of cotton crop. Areas of Ghotki, Daherki, Sukkar, and Naushehro Feroz, Bhakkar, Jhang, Shorkot, and Mianwali were also affected by floods. This devastation has badly affected the Pakistani industry as well, and the destruction would also create difficulties as the raw material would not be available; however there are some positive feelings that the cotton would be imported with already huge shipments in line and that would help in meeting the international export orders. Also Pakistan has been able to achieve concessions from EU for exporting its produce with lesser duties thereby giving a lifeline to the industrial sector. Methodology: Our research is totally based on collection of data through articles, interviews and reports. We have found articles and reports on internet that have been previously written on this topic. We have collected facts and figures from websites of NGOs, Social welfares and government. We have conducted interviews with the NGOs and the welfare organizations to try to get the answers of our research questions. One of our group member also went to the affected places to try to know the ground situation. We have divided our research question into four categories and found their answers individually as well. We have gathered around 40 articles and from that we have shortlisted 17 articles. Analysis If we take into account the data above we can just analyze that Pakistans economy and other sectors have been adversely affected by the recent flood. It is not a vague statements but we have will proved it with facts and figures that although the recent flood have some positive impact as well but the negative effects over weigh the positive effect of recent flood of 2010. According to the statements given by Ali Raza the president of National bank of Pakistan says and we quote: There will certainly be some impact on non-performing loans. The impact will be containable but it will be there. He continued, While there were immediate losses from floods largely in the agriculture sector, there is a positive side to the disaster as it has refreshed farmland across the country. The yield from those farms is likely to improve with better, more fertile soil and availability of water in the next season. He is of the view that yes banks will be facing tough time in coming future but the agriculture sector can take out some positives from this flood that is more fertile land means bumper crop. The availability of water and more fertile soil will benefit the farmers in the long run, at the same time he was of the view that banks will start having a impact of the flood next year means start of 2011 when people would be unable to pay their loans and percentage % of non- performing loans will increase. So this shows that one sector of the economy will have to face tough time in near future while the other sector can take out some positives from the recent flood. According to former Federal Minister for Food Agriculture and Livestock Khair Muhammad Junejo, he said and we quote Flood overall effect for land will be beneficial. This also shows that the former minister is of the view that yes indeed flood have caused damages to farmland in this year but it will have a positive impact in the next year with more fertile land and with availability of water. Abdul Shakur, a research analyst at BMA Capital Management Ltd. in Karachi said With around 25 percent of its total lending to agriculture related business, it will be a real challenge for National Bank to register growth in profit, He estimates a 22 percent decline in National Banks profit in 2010 This statement shows that Abdul Shakur who is one of the experts is of the view that this flood will not only harm agriculture sector but the banking sector as well because banking sector relies heavily on the agriculture sector with quarter of its loans are being given to agriculture sector. When the National Bank of Pakistan will be facing tough time showing profit this means all the other banks will have a much larger impact if the agriculture fails to pay back their loans. The United Nation organization estimates that the recent flood will increase Pakistans fiscal deficit by 4$ billion that means with the current exchange rate Pakistan fiscal deficit will increase by 350 billion rupees. Pakistan who is already face challenges because of their war on terror and does not look good economy wise. Their targets set by IMF were 5.1 % of the GDP for fiscal deficit but they exceeded these targets by more than one percent and achieved 6.2% prior to these flood. This flood will not make things better for Pakistan but worse According to the Prime Minister of Pakistan Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani the government have decided to cut their PSDP (Public Sector Development Projects) by 50 % this means that from 650 billion government will only utilize around 325 billion and the rest of the funds wil